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Key Components of a Polarization Maintaining Fused WDM System

Have you ever wondered how the internet works? It’s like a big network of roads where information travels from one place to another. But did you know that there are special tools called Polarization Maintaining Fused WDM that help make this network strong and reliable? Let’s learn about the key components of a Polarization Maintaining Fused WDM system in simple words!

1. Optical Fibers

Imagine optical fibers like tiny, invisible roads that carry beams of light. These fibers are the backbone of a Polarization Maintaining Fused WDM system. They help guide the light signals from one place to another without getting lost or mixed up.

2. Wavelength Division Multiplexers (WDMs)

Wavelength Division Multiplexers, or WDMs for short, are like traffic controllers on the optical fiber roads. They help manage the flow of light signals by splitting them into different wavelengths, or colors, so they can travel together without crashing into each other.

3. Polarization Maintaining Fiber (PMF)

Polarization Maintaining Fiber is a special type of optical fiber that keeps the light signals aligned in a specific direction. It’s like having lanes on a road where cars can only travel in one direction. This helps prevent the light signals from getting mixed up or scattered along the way.

4. Fused WDM Devices

Fused WDM Devices are the heart of a Polarization Maintaining Fused WDM system. These devices combine the functions of WDMs and PMFs to efficiently manage and guide the light signals. They ensure that the signals stay organized and reach their destination safely and without any interference.

5. Connectors and Couplers

Connectors and Couplers are like the bridges and tunnels on the optical fiber roads. They help connect different parts of the Polarization Maintaining Fused WDM system together, allowing the light signals to travel smoothly from one component to another.

Why Polarization Maintaining Fused WDM Matters

Polarization Maintaining Fused WDM matters because it helps make the internet faster, more reliable, and less prone to errors. By keeping light signals aligned and organized, Polarization Maintaining Fused WDM ensures that data travels quickly and accurately through optical networks.

Fewer delays, less data loss, and better overall performance for internet users can be achieved. Additionally, Polarization Maintaining Fused WDM systems allow for efficient use of optical fibers, maximizing the capacity of communication networks and enabling seamless connectivity for millions of people worldwide.

The major components of a Polarization Maintaining Fused WDM system function like a well-oiled machine to keep the internet working smoothly. From optical fibers and WDMs to Polarization Maintaining Fiber and Fused WDM devices, each component plays an important role in directing and managing the flow of light data.

Overcoming Challenges with PM Filter WDM Deployment

Fiber optic networks represent the backbone of modern communication infrastructure. By encoding data into light, fiber optic cables can transmit vast amounts of information at blistering speeds.

At the core of high-capacity fiber optic networks lies a technology called wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). WDM allows multiple data signals to be transmitted over the same optical fiber by using different wavelengths or colors of light.

An advanced form of WDM called polarization multiplexed (PM) filter WDM pushes the boundaries even further by combining wavelength division multiplexing with polarization multiplexing. This combination provides extraordinary capacity and efficiency gains that are critical for supporting the exponential growth in data traffic. However, these advantages come with a unique set of deployment challenges that must be addressed.

Polarization Sensitivity 

The most fundamental issue is polarization sensitivity. PM filter WDM relies on maintaining the polarization of light waves as they pass through the network. Unfortunately, fluctuations in temperature, mechanical stress, and other factors can cause the polarization to drift.

Without proper control, signal quality degrades leading to increased data errors. Manufacturers utilize special fibers and electronics that help maintain polarization integrity. However, additional adjustments may be needed when installing system components to ensure proper alignment and operation.

Channel Crosstalk

Another major concern is the crosstalk between closely spaced wavelength channels. The optical filters that separate the wavelengths are not perfect. A small amount of signal from one channel can leak into another which distorts the original data.

Some standards establish maximum acceptable levels of crosstalk in PM filter WDM systems. Engineers must carefully select filters and optimize channel spacing configurations that mitigate crosstalk during deployment.

Dispersion Management

Dispersion also poses issues for PM filter WDM networks. As light propagates through the glass fiber core, wavelengths spread out slightly. This causes pulses to broaden which makes it harder to distinguish data bits at the receiving end.

Moderate dispersion levels can be compensated by using dispersion-compensating modules. However, higher dispersion may require installing specialty fibers with ultra-low dispersion properties.

Signal Loss

Deployment teams also have to minimize optical signal loss and attenuation. Microscopic impurities in the glass as well as subtle fiber faults absorb a tiny fraction of the light energy as it travels through the cable.

Connectors, splices, and other components also contribute additional loss. Careful routing, splicing, and inline amplification help overcome signal loss and extend PM filter WDM transmission reach.

Scalability and Upgradability

Upgradability and scalability have to be factored in when architecting PM filter WDM systems. Demand for bandwidth grows relentlessly as new applications emerge.

Deployed infrastructure should be designed with open interfaces and extra capacity to simplify adding new wavelengths, transmission gear, and inline amplification down the road.

PM filter WDM offers groundbreaking capacity for fiber optic networks. However, successfully harnessing its potential requires extensive expertise in optical engineering and network planning. From tackling polarization sensitivity to minimizing signal impairments, the deployment process is filled with challenges. However, by leveraging the latest technical innovations and design principles, these hurdles can be overcome.

How does a Single Fiber CWDM Mux/Demux work?

Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM) mux/demux is an important component in WDM systems, that is typically used to join multiple wavelengths onto a single fiber. Generally, bidirectional or dual-fiber CWDM mux/demux is used to transmit signals bi-directionally. It uses the same wavelengths for transmitting and receiving optical signals on both sides. However, bi-directional CWDM Mux/Demux is not the right choice for all applications. In some cases where there is only one wavelength or fiber available for signal transmission, you have to use single-fiber CWDM Mux/Demux.

In this post, you will learn about single-fiber CWDM Mux/Demux and how it works.

What does a single-fiber CWDM Mux/Demux mean?

Typically, a single-fiber CWDM Mux/Demux has only one simplex line port, which makes it different from a dual-fiber CWDM Mux/Demux design-wise. However, you can find some single-fiber CWDM Mux/Demux with duplex ports. Since it is a single-fiber CWDM Mux/Demux, only one port of the duplex port is used and the other is usually marked N/A.

A single-fiber CWDM Mux/Demux can also achieve dual-way transmission. In bidirectional CWDM networks, each wavelength runs in two opposite directions. On the other hand, each wavelength runs in only one direction in single-fiber CWDM Mux/Demux. But if one wants to create a dual-way transmission link between two different sites, one can use the same one wavelength over duplex fiber with dual-fiber CWDM Mux/Demux or use two wavelengths, i.e. one for the transmitter and the other for the receiver, over simplex fiber with single-fiber CWDM Mux/Demux.

How does a single-fiber CWDM Mux/Demux work?

In a CWDM network, there are 16 wavelengths that you can use to support 8 pairs of dual-way transmission. Let’s assume there are two sites, Site 1 and Site 2. An 8-channel single-fiber CWDM Mux/Demux is installed using 8 wavelengths for signal transmission and the other 8 wavelengths for receiving at Site 1. At Site 2, there is another single-fiber CWDM Mux/Demux installed. However, the wavelengths for transmission and receiving are reversed.

For example, a pair of dual-way optical signals is using 1270 nm wavelength for transmission and 1290 nm for receiving at Site 1, while, at Site 2, 1290nm is used for transmission and 1270 nm is used for receiving. That’s how, with single-fiber CWDM Mux/Demux, one can achieve dual-way transmission.

How do you find the right fiber optic transceivers for single-fiber CWDM Mux/Demux?

Since there are two different wavelengths on a duplex channel port, one can get easily confused while buying fiber optic transceivers for single-fiber CWDM Mux/Demux. The only thing you need to keep in mind is that the selection of fiber optic transceivers for single-fiber CWDM Mux/Demux mainly depends on the wavelength of transceiver/transmission. The fiber optic transceivers used for single-fiber CWDM Mux/Demux are different on the two sites.

All wavelengths in a single-fiber CWDM network go in one direction. For instance, SFP transceivers using 1470nm, 1510nm, 1550nm, and 1590nm are linked with the CWDM Mux/Demux onone side of the network. The SFP transceivers installed on the other side of the network are working on 1490nm, 1530nm, 1570nm, and 1610nm.

Thus, eight wavelengths are used for 4 pair dual-way transmission in a single-fiber CWDM network.

Channel CWDM Mux & DeMux – Features and Applications

The CWDM are by and large in view of thin coat channel innovation which is the type of item fall under the WDM class. There arrived in a total scope of Class-8 CWDM Mux-Demux and also OADM that stands for Optical Add Drop Multiplexer units with a specific end goal to meet a wide range of necessities and system arrangements.

Likewise, it has across the board applications that require the Channel CWDM. Some of them include: Gigabit and 10G Ethernet, Fiber Channel, ATM, ESCON, in Metro total, SDH/SONET, and CATV and so forth. Presently, we should talk about the accompanying components and utilizations of Channel CWDM that settle on it an ideal decision for all. The CWDM Mux / Demux items give up to 16-channel or even 18-channel Multiplexing on a solitary fiber. Standard CWDM Mux/Demux bundle sort include: ABS box bundle, LGX pakcage and 19″ 1U rackmount.

Highlights

The loss of insertion quality creates from the presentation of a gadget into the optical fiber is by and large lesser in CWDM than alternate gadgets; this produces short inclusion costs.
Channel-8 CWDM is dependably very steady and solid in the meantime. Not at all like every other sort of WDM class, the Channel CWDM has higher dependability.
The CWDM items are typically Epoxy free on optical way; this prompts better working and Epoxy free condition while the execution.
In CWDM, the channel segregation is very high. This expanded seclusion prompts better and successful outcomes.

Applications

WDM and Access Organize: As these channel sorts are the piece of WDM class, these have their best application in the WDM and also Access systems.

Line Observing: These items have their incredible use in line checking. This guarantees there is no crash on a similar line of some other range or frequency.

Cellular Application: The CWDM channel arrangements have their utilizations and applications additionally in the Cellular area, and advances as the unequaled panacea for some different parts and ventures.

Telecommunication: The broadcast communications devours Channel-8 CWDM at an incredible rate. It needs to utilize these items for the straightforward transmission of signs and utilization of the filaments for the same.

Aside from every one of the elements and applications, the capacity of CWDM is additionally to unravel the deficiency of fiber and straightforward transmission of exchange while lessening the charges of system building. This is the motivation behind why the Channel CWDM and LGX CWDM Mux and DeMux Module have a matter of extraordinary heights in the realm of fiber optics, flag transmission and multiplexing and so forth.

Introduction of the Transients in Optical WDM Networks

A systems analysis continues to be completed to consider dynamical transient effects in the physical layer of an Optical WDM Network. The physical layer dynamics include effects on different time scales. Dynamics from the transmission signal impulses possess a scale of picoseconds. The timing recovery loops in the receivers be employed in the nanoseconds time scale. Optical packet switching in the future networks will have microsecond time scale. Growth and development of such optical networks is yet continuing. Most of the advanced development work in optical WDM networks is presently focused on circuit switching networks, where lightpath change events (for example wavelength add/drop or cross-connect configuration changes) happen on the time scale of seconds.

It is focused on the dynamics from the average transmission power associated with the gain dynamics in Optical Line Amplifiers (OLA). These dynamics may be triggered by the circuit switching events and have millisecond time scale primarily defined by the Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) kinetics in Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs). The transmission power dynamics will also be influenced by other active components of optical network, for example automatically tunable 100GHz DWDM, spectral power equalizers, or other light processing components. When it comes to these dynamics, a typical power of the lightpath transmission signal is recognized as. High bandwidth modulation from the signal, which actually consists of separate information carrying pulses, is mostly ignored.

14_nodes Ring WDMRing WDM networks implementing communication between two fixed points are very well established technology, in particular, for carrying SONET over the WDM. Such simple networks with fixed WDM lighpaths happen to be analyzed in many detail. Fairly detailed first principle models for transmission power dynamics exist for such networks. These models are implemented in industrial software allowing engineering design calculations and dynamical simulation of these networks. Such models could possibly have very high fidelity, but their setup, tuning (model parameter identification) and exhaustive simulations covering a variety of transmission regimes are potentially very labor intensive. Adding description of new network components to such model could need a major effort.

14_nodes Mesh WDMThe problems with detailed first principle models is going to be greatly exacerbated for future Mesh WDM networks. The near future core optical networks will be transparent to wavelength signals on a physical layer. In such network, each wavelength signal travels through the optical core between electronic IP routers around the optical network edge using the information contents unchanged. The signal power is attenuated in the passive network elements and boosted by the optical amplifiers. The lightpaths is going to be dynamically provisioned by Optical Cross-Connects (OXCs), routers, or switches independently on the underlying protocol for data transmission. Such network is basically a circuit switched network. It might experience complex transient processes of the average transmission power for every wavelength signal at the event of the lightpath add, drop, or re-routing. A mix of the signal propagation delay and channel cross-coupling might result in the transmission power disturbances propagating across the network in closed loops and causing stamina oscillations. Such oscillations were observed experimentally. Additionally, the transmission power and amplifier gain transients could be excited by changes in the average signal power because of the network traffic burstliness. If for some period of time the wavelength channel bandwidth is not fully utilized, this could result in a loss of the average power (average temporal density of the transmitted information pulses).

First circuit switched optical networks are already being designed and deployed. Fraxel treatments develops rapidly for metro area and long term networks. Engineering design of circuit switched networks is complicated because performance has to be guaranteed for all possible combinations of the lightpaths. Further, as such networks develop and grow, they potentially need to combine heterogenous equipment from a variety of vendors. A system integrator (e.g., DK Photonics) of such network might be different from subsystems or component manufacturer. This creates a necessity of developing adequate means of transmission power dynamics calculations which are suitable for the circuit switched network business. Ideally, these methods should be modular, independent on the network complexity, and use specifications on the component/subsystem level.

DK Photonics has technical approach to systems analysis that’s to linearize the nonlinear system around a fixed regime, describe the nonlinearity like a model uncertainty, and apply robust analysis that guarantees stability and gratifaction conditions within the presence of the uncertainty. For a user of the approach, there is no need to understand the derivation and system analysis technicalities. The obtained results are very simple and relate performance to basic specifications of the network components. These specifications are somewhat not the same as those widely used in the industry, but could be defined from simple experimentation using the components and subsystems. The obtained specification requirements may be used in growth and development of optical amplifiers, equalizers, optical attenuators, other transmission signal conditioning devices, OADM Modules, OXCs, and any other optical network devices and subsystems influencing the transmission power.

DK Photonics – www.dkphotonics.com specializes in designing and manufacturing of high quality optical passive components mainly for telecommunication, fiber sensor and fiber laser applications,such as WDM, FWDM, CWDM, DWDM, OADM,Optical Circulator, Isolator, PM Circulator, PM Isolator, Fused Coupler, Fused WDM, Collimator, Optical Switch and Polarization Maintaining Components, Pump Combiner, High power isolator, Patch Cord and all kinds of connectors.

Testing Fiber Optic Splitters Or Other Passive Devices

A fiber optic splitter is a device that splits the fiber optic light into several parts by a certain ratio. For example, when a beam of fiber optic light transmitted from a 1X4 equal ratio splitter, it will be divided into 4-fiber optic light by equal ratio that is each beam is 1/4 or 25% of the original source one. A Optical Splitter is different from WDM. WDM can divide the different wavelength fiber optic light into different channels. fiber optic splitter divide the light power and send it to different channels.

Most Splitters available in 900µm loose tube and 250µm bare fiber. 1×2 and 2×2 couplers come standard with a protective metal sleeve to cover the split. Higher output counts are built with a box to protect the splitting components.

Testing a coupler or splitter (both names are used for the same device) or other passive fiber optic devices like switches is little different from testing a patchcord or cable plant using the two industry standard tests, OFSTP-14 for double-ended loss (connectors on both ends) or FOTP-171 for single-ended testing.

First we should define what these passive devices are. An optical coupler is a passive device that can split or combine signals in optical fibers. They are named by the number of inputs and outputs, so a splitter with one input and 2 outputs is a 1×2 fiber splitter, and a PON splitter with one input and 32 outputs is 1×32 splitter. Some PON splitters have two inputs so it would be a 2X32. Here is a table of typical losses for splitters.

Splitter-Ratio

Important Note! Mode Conditioning can be very important to testing couplers. Some of the ways they are manufactured make them very sensitive to mode conditioning, especially multimode but even singlemode couplers. Singlemode couplers should always be tested with a small loop in the launch cable (tied down so it does not change and set the 0dB reference with the loop.) Multimode couplers should be mode conditioned by a mandrel wrap or similar to ensure consistency.

Let’s start with the simplest type. Shown below is a simple 1X2 splitter with one input and two outputs. Basically, in one direction it splits the signal into 2 parts to couple to two fibers. If the split is equal, each fiber will carry a signal that is 3dB less than the input (3dB being a factor of two) plus some excess loss in the coupler and perhaps the connectors on the splitter module. Going the other direction, signals in either fiber will be combined into the one fiber on the other side. The loss is this direction is a function of how the coupler is made. Some couplers are made by twisting two fibers together and fusing them in high heat, so the coupler is really a 2X2 coupler in which case the loss is the same (3dB plus excess loss) in either direction. Some splitters use optical integrated components, so they can be true splitters and the loss in each direction may different.

optical coupler

So for this simple 1X2 splitter, how do we test it? Simply follow the same directions for a double-ended loss test. Attach a launch reference cable to the test source of the proper wavelength (some splitters are wavelength dependent), calibrate the output of the launch cable with the meter to set the 0dB reference, attach to the source launch to the splitter, attach a receive launch cable to the output and the meter and measure loss. What you are measuring is the loss of the splitter due to the split ratio, excess loss from the manufacturing process used to make the splitter and the input and output connectors. So the loss you measure is the loss you can expect when you plug the splitter into a cable plant.

To test the loss to the second port, simply move the receive cable to the other port and read the loss from the meter. This same method works with typical PON splitters that are 1 input and 32 outputs. Set the source up on the input and use the meter and reference cable to test each output port in turn.

What about the other direction from all the output ports? (In PON terms, we call that upstream and the other way from the 1 to 32 ports direction downstream.) Simply reverse the direction of the test. If you are tesing a 1X2 splitter, there is just one other port to test, but with a 1X32, you have to move the source 32 times and record the results on the meter.

fiber-splitter

What about multiple input and outputs, for example a 2X2 coupler? You would need to test from one input port to the two outputs, then from the other input port to each of the two outputs. This involves a lot of data sometimes but it needs to be tested.

There are other tests that can be performed, including wavelength variations (test at several wavelengths), variations among outputs (compare outputs) and even crosstalk (put a signal on one output and look for signal on other outputs.)

Once installed, the splitter simply becomes one source of loss in the cable plant and is tested as part of that cable plant loss for insertion loss testing. Testing splitters with an OTDR is not the same in each direction.

Other Passive Devices

There are other passive devices that require testing, but the test methods are similar.

Fiber optic switches are devices that can switch an input to one of several outputs under electronic control. Test as you would the splitter as shown above. Switches may be designed for use in only one direction, so check the device specifications to ensure you test in the proper direction. Switches may also need testing for consistency after multiple switch cycles and crosstalk.

Attenuators are used to reduce signal levels at the receiver to prevent overloading the receiver. There is a page on using attenuators that you should read. If you need to test an attenuator alone, not part of a system, use the test for splitters above by using the attenuator to connect the launch and receive cables to see if the loss is as expected.

Wavelength-division multiplexers can be tricky to test because they require sources at a precise wavelenth and spectral width, but otherwise the test procedures are similar to other passive components.

Fiber optic couplers or splitters are available in a wide range of styles and sizes to split or combine light with minimal loss. All couplers are manufactured using a very simple proprietary process that produces reliable, low-cost devices. They are physically rugged and insensitive to operating temperatures. Couplers can be fabricated in custom fiber lengths and/or with terminations of any type.

DK Photonics – www.dkphotonics.com specializes in designing and manufacturing of high quality optical passive components mainly for telecommunication, fiber sensor and fiber laser applications,such as PLC Splitter, WDM, FWDM, CWDM, DWDM, OADM,Optical Circulator, Isolator, PM Circulator, PM Isolator, Fused Coupler, Fused WDM, Collimator and Polarization Maintaining Components, Pump Combiner, High power isolator, Patch Cord and all kinds of connectors.

DK Photonics:Huawei to invest over $4 billion in fixed broadband technology in 3 years

Telecom network vendor Huawei on Thursday said it will be investing over $4 billion in fixed broadband (FBB) technology research and development over the next three years.

Huawei’s plans to invest significantly in fixed broadband technology reflects a report from Dell’Oro Group that said wireline telecom markets will grow at a CAGR of 3 percent against 1 percent growth for wireless between 2013 and 2018.

In August, Dell’Oro Group said the combined service provider equipment markets will grow at a CAGR of 2 percent between 2013 and 2018 — after recording a CAGR of -1 percent between 2008 and 2013.

Huawei said the $4 billion investment will focus on products and solutions which will support their customers with providing an improved service experience for end users.

Huawei Products and Solutions President Ryan Ding said: “Our investment will further develop technological advances, help customers increase their competitiveness and decrease overall operating costs.”

Existing technologies are changing, next-generation High-Efficiency Video Coding is maturing, 4k panel and content production costs are reducing and the development of the 4k video industry, are all driving new solutions.

Huawei to invest over $4 billion in fixed broadband technology in 3 years

As LTE and 5G deployment continues, construction of high-performance networks which guarantee better customer experience will be expected by telecom operators. Huawei said FBB technologies will be progressed by leveraging big data, data centers and cloud computing to meet their needs.

Tam Dell’Oro, president and founder of Dell’Oro Group, said: “While we believe carriers will continue to enhance their wireless networks, we anticipate carriers will put more emphasis on backhauling traffic which means improving their fixed line networks in the next five years.”

Huawei today said it will innovate Software Defined Networking (SDN), Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) to initiate open broadband networks that help customers simplify operations and management, realize service innovation and improve network efficiency.

For next-generation networks, Huawei will conduct research and develop on new key technologies and architectures for IP and all-optical networks, advancing FBB network development.

Fixed LTE broadband access gains

At present, 1.26 billion households do not have DSL, cable, or fiber-optic broadband. Fixed and mobile telecoms are looking to LTE to make the connection.

“By the end of 2014, there will be 14.5 million residential and commercial premises with fixed LTE broadband access. By 2019, that figure should grow to 123 million,” said Jake Saunders, VP and 4G practice director at ABI Research.

ITU pitches for broadband

ITU, a telecom industry association under the aegis of UN, says more than 40 percent of the world’s people are already online, with the number of Internet users rising from 2.3 billion in 2013 to 2.9 billion by the end of this year.

Over 2.3 billion people will access mobile broadband by end 2014, climbing steeply to a predicted 7.6 billion within the next five years.

ITU says there are now over three times as many mobile broadband connections as there are conventional fixed broadband subscriptions.

Huawei on green telecom

Meanwhile, Eric Xu, Rotating chief executive officer, Huawei, said: “Huawei is committed to socio-economic and environmental sustainability. We leverage our expertise to bridge the digital divide and deliver high-quality digital connectivity for all.”

“We always honor our commitment to supporting secure and stable network operations anytime, anywhere. We contribute to low-carbon economies by helping customers and industries improve productivity and reduce energy consumption,” said Xu at the sixth Global Supplier Sustainability Conference in Shenzhen, China.

DK Photonics – www.dkphotonics.com specializes in designing and manufacturing of high quality optical passive components mainly for telecommunication, fiber sensor and fiber laser applications,such as PLC Splitter, WDM, FWDM, CWDM, DWDM, OADM,Optical Circulator, Isolator, PM Circulator, PM Isolator, Fused Coupler, Fused WDM, Collimator, Optical Switch and Polarization Maintaining Components, Pump Combiner, High power isolator, Patch Cord and all kinds of connectors.

Fiber Optics Sensors Provide Early Warning for Landslides-DK Photonics

CASERTA, Italy, Sept. 29, 2014 — Fiber optic sensors could warn people of imminent landslides, potentially saving lives and reducing destruction.

A team at the Second University of Naples is developing sensor technology that could detect and monitor both large landslides and slow slope movements. The researchers hope to mitigate the effects of these major natural disasters, similar to the way hurricane tracking can prompt coastal evacuations.

Optical fiber sensors embedded in shallow trenches within slopes would detect small shifts in the soil, the researchers said. Landslides are always preceded by various types of pre-failure strains, they said.

While the magnitude of pre-failure strains depends on the rock or soil involved — ranging from fractured rock debris and pyroclastic flows to fine-grained soils — they are measurable. Electrical sensors have long been used for monitoring landslides, but that type of sensor can be easily damaged, the researchers said. Optical fiber is more robust, economical and sensitive.

“Distributed optical fiber sensors can act as a ‘nervous system’ of slopes by measuring the tensile strain of the soil they’re embedded within,” said professor Dr. Luigi Zeni.

The researchers are also combining several types of optical fiber sensors into a plastic tube that twists and moves under the forces of the pre-failure strains. This will allow them to monitor the movement and bending of the optical fiber remotely to determine if a landslide is imminent.

The use of fiber optic sensors “allows us to overcome some limitations of traditional inclinometers, because fiber-based ones have no moving parts and can withstand larger soil deformations,” Zeni said.

He added that such sensors can be used to cover several square kilometers and monitored continuously to pinpoint critical zones.

The team will present their research at Frontiers in Optics in Tucson, Ariz., next month.

DK Photonics – www.dkphotonics.com specializes in designing and manufacturing of high quality optical passive components mainly for telecommunication, fiber sensor and fiber laser applications,such as PLC Splitter, WDM, FWDM, CWDM, DWDM, OADM,Optical Circulator, Isolator, PM Circulator, PM Isolator, Fused Coupler, Fused WDM, Collimator, Optical Switch and Polarization Maintaining Components, Pump Combiner, High power isolator, Patch Cord and all kinds of connectors.

Fiber Optic Connector Market Forecast-DK Photonics

According to ElectroniCast, multifiber / multichannel fiber optic connectors are set for explosive growth, led by MXC™ fiber connectors with triple-digit increases through 2018…

Aptos, CA (USA) – September 22, 2014 —ElectroniCast Consultants, a leading market & technology forecast consultancy addressing the fiber optics communications industry, today announced the release of their annual market forecast and analysis of the use offiber optic connectors and mechanical splices in communication applications.

According to ElectroniCast, the worldwide fiber optic connector/mechanical splice consumption value reached $2.63 billion in 2013. Multimode fiber optic connectors led the consumption value in 2013 with a 64 percent market share. The use of multimode fiber optic connectors is forecast to increase at a rate of 14 percent per year, from $1.68 billion in 2013 to $3.24 billion in 2018.

“The multimode LC small form factor connector is forecast to maintain the leadership position in relative market share throughout the forecast period, as well as increasing at an average annual rate of 20 percent,” said Stephen Montgomery, Director of the Fiber Optic Component group at ElectroniCast.

The fastest annual growth is set to come from the use of multifiber/multichannel fiber optic connectors are set for explosive growth, led by MXC™ fiber connectors with triple-digit increases through 2018. The newly-release connector design enables more fibers (up to 64 fibers at 25G) to be accommodated in fast-paced server/storage data center and other applications. Both the single-mode and the multimode MXC fiber optic connectors are forecast to reach strong values by 2018.

Other new fiber optic connector designs, besides the MXC connector, are planned for deployment to address the high-density/high-speed data speeds of 25Gbps or greater in the next couple of years.

“Field-installable connectors for indoor and outdoor use are increasing in demand and thus are making a big-splash in the overall connector product lines of several competitors. Fiber optic connector-types, such as SC, ST, LC, FC and even the MPO and other possibilities are finding their way to the marketplace. Both mechanical-splice and fusion-splice technologies are meeting the requirements in the field-installable fiber optic product availability,” Montgomery added.

The global fiber optic connector/mechanical splice consumption is driven by a dramatic increase in bandwidth demand beyond the limits of copper. As optical fiber use migrates closer and closer to the end user, where cable lengths are shorter with higher fiber counts, the requirements for jointing fibers becomes more critical. Splicing and connecting, play a significant role in a network’s cost and performance.

There are over 140 vendors competing for the global fiber optic connector/ mechanical splice market, which ElectroniCast tracks in a product matrix showing participation in the following: connectors, cable assemblies, optical backplanes, and fiber optic installation apparatus; however, is dominated by a few companies that have a broad base in various interconnect products.

DK Photonics – www.dkphotonics.com specializes in designing and manufacturing of high quality optical passive components mainly for telecommunication, fiber sensor and fiber laser applications,such as WDM, FWDM, CWDM, DWDM, OADM,Optical Circulator, Isolator, PM Circulator, PM Isolator, Fused Coupler, Fused WDM, Collimator, Optical Switch and Polarization Maintaining Components, Pump Combiner, High power isolator, Patch Cord and all kinds of connectors.

Differences Between FBT Coupler and PLC splitters

Optical networks require signal being splitted somewhere in design to serve for multiple customers. Splitter technology has made a huge step forward in the past few years by introducing PLC (Planar Lightwave Circuit) splitter. It has proven itself as a higher reliable type of device compared to the traditional FBT (Fused Biconical Taper) splitter. While being similar in size and outer appearance, both types of splitters provide data and video access for business and private customers. However, internally the technologies behind these types vary, thus giving service providers a possibility to choose a more appropriate solution.

FBT splitter is made out of materials that are easily available, for example steel, fiber, hot dorm and others. All of these materials are low-price, which determines the low cost of the device itself. The technology of the device manufacturing is relatively simple, which has the impact on its price as well. In scenario where multiple splits are needed, the size of the device may become an issue. It is important to keep in mind that splitters are being deployed in the fields either in cabinets or in strand mountings, so the size of device plays a critical role. FBT splitters only support three wavelengths (850/1310/1550 nm) which makes these devices unable to operate on other wavelengths. Inability of adjusting wavelengths makes FBT splitters less customizable for different purposes. Moreover, the devices are to a high extent temperature sensitive, providing a stable working range of -5 to 75 C. In certain areas, such as Scandinavian countries this temperature restrictions may be crucial. The signal processed by FBT splitters cannot be splitted evenly due to lack of management of the signals

PLC splitter manufacturing technology is more complex. It uses semiconductor technology (lithography, etching, developer technology) production, hence it is more difficult to manufacture. Therefore, the price of the device is higher. However, there is a number of advantages the device possesses. The size of the device is compact, compared to FBT splitters, making it suitable for density applications. PLC splitter operates at wider temperature range (-40 to 85 C), allowing its deploying in the areas of extreme climate. The split ratio goes up to 64, providing a high reliability. Furthermore, the signal can be split equally due to technology implemented. A range of wavelengths (1260 – 1650 nm) is provided, so the wavelengths are adjustable. Critical points of the device that might fail are input and output, so the general risk of failure is low.

Table 1. FBT and PLC splitter feature comparison

DK Photonics – www.dkphotonics.com specializes in designing and manufacturing of high quality optical passive components mainly for telecommunication, fiber sensor and fiber laser applications,such as PLC Splitter, WDM, FWDM, CWDM, DWDM, OADM,Optical Circulator, Isolator, PM Circulator, PM Isolator, Fused Coupler, Fused WDM, Collimator, Optical Switch and Polarization Maintaining Components, Pump Combiner, High power isolator, Patch Cord and all kinds of connectors.